一、重点词汇
1. tissue [tu] n.纸巾
I handed her a packet of tissues.
我递给她一包纸巾。
2. ocean [n] n.海洋，大海
Could they survive in the ocean?
他们能在海洋中生存吗？
3. smog [sm] n.雾霾
Since the winter last year, the smog has occurred a lot of times in Ningbo.
自去年冬天以来，宁波发生了多次雾霾天气。
4. desert [dezt] n.沙漠
At the edge of the desert, he came across a deserted church.
在沙漠的边缘地带，他碰巧发现了一个被遗弃的教堂。
5. global [lbl] adj.全球的，全世界的
Air pollution is a global problem.
空气污染是全球性的问题。
6. industrial [ndstril] adj.工业的
The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.
工业革命改变了英国社会的整体结构。
7. extinction [kstkn] n.灭绝
Some experts believe bees are heading for extinction.
一些专家认为是蜜蜂正走向灭绝。
8. solution [slun] n.解决，解决办法
Do you have a better solution?
你有更好的解决办法吗？
9. electricity [lektrsti] n.电
The electricity failed and the whole city was blacked out.
电一停，全市陷入一片黑暗。
10. transport [trnspt] n.交通运输系统，运输方式
The transport of goods by air is very
expensive.空运货物费用十分昂贵。
11. recycle [risakl] vi.& vt.再利用，回收利用
Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.
丹麦的纸张回收率近85%。
12. battery [btri] n.电池
The battery is flat.
电池没电了。
13. carbon [kbn] n.碳
All this uncertainty will not be good for the carbon markets.
所有的这些不确定因素对碳市场都不是什么好事。
14. balance [blns] n.平衡
Try to keep a balance between work and relaxation.
尽量保持工作与休闲均衡。
15. do my part for sth 尽自己所能做某事
I’m glad to do my part for the public order.
很高兴能为这里的治安出一份力。
16. flat /flt/ n.一套公寓房，一套住房 adj.平坦的
They’re renting a furnished flat on the third floor.
他们租了四楼一套带家具的公寓。
People used to think the earth was flat.
人们曾经认为地球是平的。
17. root [rut] n.树根
I pulled the plant up by the roots.
我把这棵植物连根拔起。
18. shoot [ut] n.芽，苗；嫩枝 vt.射中；射击
The deer were eating the young shoots on the trees.
鹿群正在吃树上的嫩枝。
I know how to shoot and I shoot well.
我知道怎样射击，并且我枪法很准。
19. bothered [bd] adj.担心的；烦恼的
not be bothered to do sth 懒得做某事
I was bothered about the blister on my hand.
我为手上的水疱感到很心烦。
I just can’t be bothered to look after the house.
我只是懒得照看那房子。
20. take action 采取行动
You have to take action and deal with problems as they arise.
你必须在问题出现的时候及时采取行动处理问题。
21. institute [nsttjut] n.机构；研究院
I went to a lecture he gave at the African Institute.
我去听了他在非洲研究所发表的演讲。
22. firm [fm] adj.坚实的；稳固的
Stand the fish tank on a firm base.
把鱼缸放在牢固的基座上。
23. foundation [fanden] n.基础；地基
Respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage.
尊重和友爱是婚姻的牢固基础。
The explosion shook the foundations of the houses nearby.
爆炸震撼了附近房屋的地基。
24. brick [brk] n.砖，砖块
The school is built of brick.
那所学校是用砖建造的。
25. all around the world 全世界
All around the world, people drink tea.
全世界所有的人都喝茶。
26. involve [nvlv] vt.参与；包含
Parents should involve themselves in their child’s education.
父母应当参与孩子的教育。
The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.
考试将包括回答一些关于一张照片的问题。
二、常用表达方式
1. not to leave the tap running不要让水龙头开着
句中leave the lap running是“leave+宾语+宾补”结构。句中的the lap与run之间是主
动关系，故用现在分词。
“leave+宾语+宾补”结构中，宾补可以是：
名词，如：leave him an orphan 让他成为孤儿
形容词，如：leave the door open 让门开着
不定式，如：leave her to suffer 让她受罪
现在分词，如：leave him standing outside 让他站在外面
过去分词，如：leave the job unfinished 留着工作未完成
They walked off and left me standing there all by myself.他们走了，留下我一个人站在那里。
Did you leave the doors and windows closed?你关好门窗了吗？
2. not to leave the house with lights still on不要亮着灯离开房子
句中with lights still on 是with复合结构，宾补由副词on充当。
with复合结构的构成：with+宾语+宾补。该结构常在句中作状语，表示原因、方式、时
间、条件或伴随等。具体形式主要有：
(1) with+宾语+形容词
with the door open 门开着
(2) with+宾语+现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
with a dog following him 一只狗跟着他
(3) with+宾语+过去分词(表示被动或已经完成)
with the task finished 任务完成
(4) with+宾语+动词不定式(表示尚未发生)
with a book to publish 有书要出版
(5) with+宾语+介词短语
with a book in his hand 他手里拿着一本书
注意：with复合结构在句中还可作定语。
Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms?你认识那个抱着婴儿的女士吗？
3.…which may cause different kinds of environment problems, for instance,. ……这可
能会造成不同类型的环境问题，例如，。
for instance (=for example)例如；比如
for instance, such as 与 that is
for instance 用于举例说明：一般只列举同类中的一个，可置于句首、句中或句末。
I have many friends. For example/instance, Jack is my best friend.
我有很多朋友。例如:杰克是我最好的朋友。
such as 用于部分列举：列举前面提到的事物的一部分，不能列出全部，不能和 and so on
连用。
As we all know, more and more Chinese words have come into English, such as tofu and kung
fu.我们都知道，越来越多的汉语词汇进入了英语，比如豆腐(tofu)和功夫(kung fu)。
that is 用于列举所提到事物的全部：意为“也就是说”，相当于 that is to say或 namely。
He has three partners, that is, John, Jack and Tom.他有三个合伙人，即约翰、杰克和汤姆。
4. global warming 全球变暖
global adj.全球的；全世界的
It’s known to us that global warming is now a serious problem.
我们知道，全球变暖现在是一个严重的问题。
global affairs 全球事务
global population 全球人口
global climate change 全球气候变化
5.…animal/plant extinction ……动/植物灭绝
extinction n.灭绝
According to Jack, it is global warming that leads to the extinction of many animals.
杰克认为，正是全球变暖导致了许多动物的灭绝。
be close to extinction 濒临灭绝
The species is close to extinction.这个物种濒临灭绝。
in danger of extinction 处于灭绝的危险中
6. solutions 解决；解决办法
the solution to the problem 问题的解决办法
solve vt.解决；解答
solve a problem/a mystery/a puzzle解决问题/解开奥秘/解开谜团
同结构短语：
the entrance to the cave 山洞的入口
the answer to the question 问题的答案
the key to the door 门的钥匙
the approach to the problem 问题的解决办法
7. more public transport increase our awareness of environmental protection 更多公共交通工具
增加我们的环保意识
1) transport n.交通运输方式，运输方式 v.运输；运送
public transport 公共交通
A large quantity of money has been spent to improve public transport.
已经花了大量的钱来改善公共交通。
transport…from…to…把……从……运送到……
The train will transport passengers from Shanghai to Beijing.
这列火车将把旅客由上海运往北京。
2) increase one’s awareness of…增强某人的……意识
raise/strengthen one’s awareness of…提高/增强某人的……意识
I wanted to increase public awareness of the dangers of AIDS.
我想提升大众对于艾滋病的危险意识。
In my opinion, it’s very important to improve their environmental awareness now.
在我看来，现在提高他们的环保意识是非常重要的。
8. recycle used batteries 回收旧电池
recycle v.再利用，回收利用
Always get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste where possible.
始终正确地处理你的垃圾，并在可能的情况下回收废物。
recycled materials 回收的材料
recycle paper/glass 回收纸/玻璃
recycling n.回收利用
re-为动词前缀，表示“再，又”：
cycle n.循环；周期
recycle v.再利用；回收利用
place v.放；置 replace vt.取代；放回
move v.移动 remove vt.移开；挪走
use vt.使用 reuse vt.再利用
build v.建；建造 rebuild v.重建
9. living in harmony with mature 与自然和谐相处(n.和谐；融洽)
in harmony with 与……和谐，与……协调
out of harmony 不协调，不和谐
Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
人类的生命被视为自然的一部分，因此，我们生存的唯一方式是与自然和谐相处。
harmonious adj.和谐的；融洽的
10. maintaining the balance between human and nature 保持人与自然的平衡
balance n.平衡；称 v.平衡；均衡
keep a balance between A and B 保持A与B的均衡
the balance of nature 自然平衡
keep/lose one’s balance 保持/失去平衡
Many methods have been tried to keep the balance of nature.
为了保持自然的平衡，许多方法已经被尝试。
11. doing my part for the environment 为环境尽我的一份力量
do one’s part for sth 尽自己所能做某事
Everyone, whether you are old or young, can do your part for the environment.
每个人，无论年龄大小，都可以为环境尽一份力。
part 相关短语：
take part in 参与，参加（活动）
play/have the part in 在……中起作用；在……中扮演角色
play the part of 扮演……的角色
for one’s part 就某人而言
for the most part 基本上；通常
in part 一定程度上；部分地
12. What do they think is important to fight against global warming?他们认为什么是对抗全球
变暖的重要因素？
fight against 为反对……而斗争；与……争吵；反对……
fight against the enemy 和敌人作战
fight against each other 互相打架
With nothing on the hand, they didn’t dare to fight against the wolf.
他们两手空空，不敢和狼搏斗。
fight 相关短语：
fight for 努力争取；为……而斗争
fight back 还击；抵抗
fight hand to hand 短兵相接；打肉搏战
fight one’s way 奋力辟出一条路；努力奋斗
fight with 与……交战；用……反对某人
fight with sb about/over sth 就某事与某人争辩
13. Climate change is a terrible problem, and it absolutely needs to be solved.气候变化是一个严
重的问题，它绝对需要解决。
句中的needs to be solved 是need to be done结构，主语与need后的动词之间是被动关系，也可以用主动形式doing 表达，即need to be done=need doing。
need to be done 某事需要被做
The whole house needs painting.The whole house needs to be painted.
14. We are using resources as if we had two planets, not one.我们在使用资源，就好像我们有两
个地球，而不是一个。
句中as if (=as though)意为“好像，似乎”，引导方式状语从句，从句使用虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的情况。
as if 引导方式状语从句
as if 引导的从句用虚拟语气，表示所述的情况与事实不符，as if 从句谓语动词如下：
(1)与现在事实不符，谓语动词用过去式（be动词常用were）。
Don’t handle the vase as if it were made of steel.
不要这样拿着这个花瓶，就好像它是用钢制成的似的。
(2)与过去事实不符，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
他谈起罗马来就好像他以前去过似的。
(3)与将来事实不符，谓语动词用“would/ could/might+动词原形”。
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.他张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：as if引导的从句有时可用省略形式，即“as if+分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语”。
She stood at the door as if waiting for someone.她站在门口，好像在等人。
15. Roots & Shoots 根与芽
root n.树根；根源；起因；(某人的)祖籍
tree roots 树根
Old tree roots are the best place to lean on and rest.老树墩就是倚着休息的最好地方。
have one’s roots in sth 源于
go back to one’s roots 找到……的根
put down roots (植物)生根；定居
take root in (植物)生根；扎根；……被接受
shoot n.芽，苗；嫩枝 vt.射中；射击；发射
The shoots of the plant is tender, so you should put it in the shade.
这株植物的芽很嫩，所以你应该把它放在阴凉处。
shoot at 向……射击(表示动作，不一定射中)
shoot sb dead 开枪打死某人
shoot up 猛涨；快速增长；突然出现
shoot out 从里面射出；突然出击；迅速长出
shoot sb in the head/back/leg 射中某人的头部/背部/腿部
16. Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”.很多人都有所谓的“就我一个”
问题。
suffer from (身体或精神上)遭受……(痛苦)
suffer 指感受、承受某种痛苦(短期的)，suffer from 指患病，为......所受苦（长期的）
suffer pain/hardship 经历痛苦/困难
suffer a defeat/a loss/damage/punishment遭受失败/损失/损害/惩罚
suffer from a bad back 背疼
suffer from a bad cold 患重感冒
suffer from ill health 身体不好
suffer from a headache/toothache 头疼/牙疼
His company suffered great losses.他的公司损失惨重。
Tom suffered from a headache, so I suggested that he should see a doctor.
汤姆头痛，所以我建议他去看医生。
17. Well, say you leave the tap running while you brush you teeth, leave a light on when you go
out or you drop a piece of litter and can’t be bothered to pick it up.例如，你刷牙的时候让水
哗哗地流，外出的时候不关灯，或者掉了一块垃圾却懒得捡起来。
bothered adj.担心的；烦恼的
懒得做某事 not be bothered to do sth
I couldn’t be bothered to explain why I was late for the party.我懒得解释为什么聚会迟到了。
拓展：
bother v.打扰；烦扰；麻烦
bother about 担心；麻烦
bother sb with sth 拿某事来烦扰某人
bother to do/doing sth 花时间/精力做某事
Why bother?何必那么麻烦？
Don’t bother.不用麻烦了。
18. You know that all those things are wrong, but so what?你知道这些都是不对的，但那又怎么
样？
so what 那又怎样
—Mrs. Brown will be unhappy if you don’t go to the get-together.
如果你不去参加聚会，布朗太太会不高兴的。
—So what? I hate being with her.那又怎样？我讨厌和她在一起。
类似表达：
What if…?如果……怎么办？
What for？为什么？
Why me?为什么是我？
Why not?为什么不呢？
How come?怎么会呢？
Who cares?（常用于无礼地表示）管它呢，谁管呢？
19. To inspire young people to take action for the environment, animals and their community,
Roots & Shoots was established.为了激励年轻人行动起来保护环境、动物和社区，“根与
芽”诞生了。
take action 采取行动
take action against 采取行动反对
take action to do sth 采取行动做某事
We should take action to protect those endangered species.
我们应该采取行动保护那些濒临灭绝的物种。
20. This institute was set up in the early 1990s by Dr. Jane Goodall…这个组织于20世纪90年
代初由珍古道尔博士创立……
set up 建立；创办
He decided to set up a school for the poor children from the mountain villages.
他决定为山区贫困儿童建立一所学校。
set off 动身，出发；引发，激起
set out (for)出发（去），动身（去）
set down 写下；制定；放下
21. The organisation is called Roots & Shoots because roots move slowly under the ground to
make a firm foundation…这个组织取名“根与芽”，取意根部在地下缓慢延伸以形成坚实
的基础……
foundation n.基础；基地
lay a (firm/solid) foundation for 为……打下(坚实的)基础
The strict training laid a firm foundation for his success.
严格的训练为他的成功奠定了坚实的基础。
拓展：found vt.创建；创办；建立
founder n.创办者，发起人
found sth on sth = base sth on sth 把……建立在……的基础上
be founded on…建立在……的基础上
22. The roots and shoots are you, your friends and young people all around the world.根和芽就
是你、你的朋友和世界各地的年轻人。
all around the world 全世界
In the past few years thousands of films have been produced all around the world.
在过去的几年里，世界各地制作了成千上万部电影。
all over/throughout/across the world 全世界
23. Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems, change the world and
make it a better place to live in.成千上万的根和芽能够解决问题，改变世界，使其更加宜居。
make it a better place to live in是“make +宾语+宾补”结构。宾补可以是：名词、形容词、过去分词和不带to的不定式。
The boss made Martin work long hours.老板让马丁长时间工作。
24. Every inpidual makes a difference.每个人都会产生影响。
make a difference 对……产生影响；有意义
make a big/great difference (to)（对……）产生很大的影响
make no/little difference (to)（对……）无影响；没关系
Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a difference in the world.汉娜是改变世界的许多年轻人的例子之一。
25. It is by acting together, in this exciting way, that we can involve thousands—millions—of
people, and this is what is going to change the world.正是通过这种令人激动的方式共同行动起来，我们可以让成百上千、甚至千百万人参与其中，这将改变世界。
本句是一个and连接的并列句。第一个分句是强调句，强调的是介词短语by acting together。第二个分句中what引导的是表语从句。
by doing 通过做某事
He became a college student by working hard.他通过努力学习成为了一名大学生。
involve vt.参与；包含；需要；涉及；专心于
involve doing sth 包含/需要做某事
involve sb in sth 把某人牵涉(牵扯)到某事里
be involved in 参与，参加
be involved with 与……关系密切
26. Those people don’t think their actions such as leaving the tap running while brushing their
teeth can have negative effects on the environment.那些人不认为他们的行为如刷牙的时候
让水哗哗地流会对环境产生负面影响。
have negative effects on 对……产生负面影响
have no/a… effect on 对……无/有……的影响
Does television have an effect on children’s behaviour?电视对孩子的行为有影响吗？
27. Therefore, Roots and Shoots hopes to involve millions of young people in building a secure
future so that we can live in peace with nature.因此，“根与芽”希望让数以百万计的年轻
人参与建设一个安全的未来，以便我们能够与自然和平共处。
本句中so that引导目的状语从句。
so that 引导目的状语从句，相当于in order that,从句中常有will, would, can, could, may,
might等情态动词，表明动作尚未发生。
Mrs. Brown raised her voice so that all the students could hear her clearly.(以便，目的状语从
句)
so that 还可以引导结果状语从句，从句时态表明动作已经发生，且从句中一般不用情态
动词，可以用逗号与主句隔开。
Mrs. Brown raised her voice so that all the students heard her clearly.(结果，结果状语从句)
28.动词-ing和-ed形式
一、动词-ing形式作定语
1)表示被修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语
从句。
2)单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰
词后。
an attacking player 一个攻击型的运动员
the woman talking to our English teacher 正在和我们英语老师谈话的那位妇女
二、动词-ing形式作表语
1)表示主语或所修饰的名词的某种性质和特征，它的主语是物。这类分词通常可以看作
形容词。
2)作表语用的动词-ing形式，许多是由能够表示人们的感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。
常见的有：exciting, moving, interesting, boring, frightening, amusing, pleasing, puzzling
等。
It was surprising that the shy girl stood up and answered the question.
令人惊讶的是，那个害羞的女孩站起来回答了问题。
三、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
宾语与宾补之间是主动关系。动词-ing形式主要用于以下三类词后作宾语补足语：
1)位于感官动词(词组)后，如：see, hear, feel, watch, catch, find, listen to, look at, notice,
observe, spot, smell等。这些词后跟现在分词作宾补时，表示动作正在进行。
I stood on the bridge and watched boats passing by.我站在桥上看着过往的船只。
2)位于使役动词后，如：set, keep, have, get, leave等。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用计算机保持交通畅通。
3)位于“with+宾语+现在分词(宾补)”结构中，表示主动或正在进行。
With water covering more than 70% of its surface, the earth looks like a blue ball.
水覆盖了地球表面70%以上的面积，地球看起来像一个蓝色的球。
四、动词-ing形式作状语
1)一般式(doing)作状语表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生；完成式(having done)表示
动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.看到那些照片，她想起了她的童年。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我们做好了充分的准备，准备考试。
2)动词-ing形式的主动式(doing)和其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，被动式(being done)和其
逻辑主语之间是被动关系。
Walking in the street yesterday afternoon, he came across Mr/ Smith.
昨天他在大街上散步时遇到了史密斯先生。
I noticed the boy being beaten by his mother.我注意到那男孩挨他母亲的打。
3)动词-ing形式做状语时的功能：表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随等，
分别相当于对应的状语从句(方式或伴随不能用状语从句替换，但可以改成并列句)。分
词前可以有连词when, while, if, even if, as if等。
Working hard (=If you work hard), you’ll succeed.努力工作，你会成功的。
She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.= She sat at the desk and read a newspaper.
她坐在桌边读报纸。
注意：有些现在分词(短语)独立存在于句首，没有逻辑主语，作为句子的独立成分来
修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或评注性状语。如：
generally speaking 一般说来
roughly speaking 大致说来
frankly speaking 坦白说
Generally speaking, girls are better at learning foreign languages than boys.
一般来说，女孩比男孩更擅长学习外语。
五、动词-ed形式作定语
过去分词作定语，分为前置和后置两种情况：
1)单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前，表示被动和完成的意思，此时
过去分词具有形容词的特点，侧重永久性的状态或特点。如：
the fallen leaves 落叶；newly planted flower 新栽的花。
有些单个的过去分词，像 left(剩余的)，given(被给的)，concerned(有关的)，involved(有
关的)，习惯上用作后置定语。如：the book given 给出的书。
2)过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰名词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The concert given by the Chinese band last weekend was a great success.
中国乐队上周末举行的音乐会非常成功。
六、动词-ed形式作表语
过去分词作表语，表示主语处于某种状态。其主语常为人。
1)主要用在be动词和连系动词look, sound, get, become, stay, remain等后。
Robert got burnt, but fortunately, the burn was not serious.罗伯特被烧伤了，但幸运的是，
烧伤并不严重。
2) get done
get done有两层含义：
表示某种结果，如get married(结婚), get changed(换衣服), get dressed(穿衣服), get
lost(迷路), get washed(洗脸), get tired(累了)等。
表示被动关系，如 get hurt/injured/wound(受伤), get trapped/caught in(被困在), get
paid(得到报酬)等。
The party is informal, so you needn’t get changed.这是非正式的聚会，你不必换衣服。
His car was stuck in/got caught in the mud, as a result, he had to go there on foot.
他的车陷在泥里了，因此，他不得不步行去那里。
七、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
一般是及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动或完成含义，或两者意义都有。当
动词的宾语与do之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且动作已经完成时，需用过去分词。
1)过去分词用在感官动词(词组)see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, observe, listen to后作宾
语补足语。
When we got to school, we found the door locked.
当我们到学校的时候，我们发现门锁着。
2)过去分词用在have/get后作宾语补足语，表示两种含义：让某人做某事某人遭
遇了不幸的事。
He had his bike repaired the day before yesterday.他前天请人修了他的自行车。
William had his bike stolen last night.威廉的自行车昨晚被偷了。
3)过去分词用在表示状态的动词keep, leave后作宾语补足语。
I’m sorry I’ve left some of your questions unanswered.很抱歉，我没有回答你的一些问题。
4)过去分词用在动词make后作宾语补足语。
She raised her voice to make herself heard.她提高嗓门以便别人能听到她的话。
5)过去分词用在want, wish, like, order等后作宾语补足语。
He didn’t want the problem discussed at the moment.他现在不想讨论这个问题。
6)过去分词在with复合结构中作宾语补足语。
With my work finished, I went to the library for some books.我的工作完成后，我去图书
馆借了一些书。
八、动词-ed形式作状语
1)动词-ed形式作状语可表示时间、结果、条件、原因、方式、让步、伴随等情况。这
些分词(短语)可扩展成一个状语从句或并列分句。
The old couple, moved by his kindness, thanked him over and again.
老夫妇被他的仁慈感动了，一次又一次地感谢他。
2)过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致；过去分词作状语时分词前一般
不用being。
Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.
约翰沉浸在绘画中，没有注意到夜晚的来临。